tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-37435626368326941662024-03-13T03:49:52.279-07:00Space, Science and TechnologyInformation about our Universe, Space, Spacecraft, Computer, new Technology and many more...J.H.http://www.blogger.com/profile/04967611191502692239noreply@blogger.comBlogger16125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3743562636832694166.post-7127274568787177552012-02-08T08:43:00.000-08:002012-02-08T08:43:56.672-08:00Sence of Engineering Ethics<div style="text-align: justify;">Basically there are distinct senses of Engineering ethics. </div><div style="text-align: justify;">First, Ethics is a discipline or area of study dealing with moral problems. Engineering ethics is the discipline of the moral issues arising in and surrounding engineering. </div><div style="text-align: justify;">Second, When we speak of ethical problems, we mean to disringuish them from unethical problems reqarding politics, law, or etc. but Engineering Ethics in this sense deals with the moral problems and issues related to engineering.</div><div style="text-align: justify;">Third, is purely descriptive beacuse it concerns merely the facts about what engineers and others believe as regards moral problems in engineering. </div>J.H.http://www.blogger.com/profile/04967611191502692239noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3743562636832694166.post-16426861854963167262012-02-08T08:38:00.000-08:002012-02-08T08:38:19.364-08:00Definition of Engineering Ethics<div style="color: #274e13;"><h2><b>Definition of Engineering Ethics are given Below:</b></h2></div><br />
<ol><li>It is the study of the moral issues and decision confronting individuals and organizations involved in engineering.</li>
<li>The study of related questions about moral conduct, character, ideals, and relationships of people and organizations involved in technological development. </li>
<li>It is usually the response to specific problems that prods us to make the world better.</li>
<li>Character, general ideals and relationships are equally important in approaching engineering ethics. <br />
</li>
</ol>J.H.http://www.blogger.com/profile/04967611191502692239noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3743562636832694166.post-88195454841533734822012-02-08T07:47:00.000-08:002012-02-08T07:48:13.949-08:00Basic Concepts of Ethics for Engineeras of Computer Science<h2 style="color: #073763; text-align: justify;">Definition of Ethics:</h2><div style="text-align: justify;">The behavior that you expect and will accept form one another is called ethics. </div><h2 style="color: #073763; text-align: justify;">Basic Concepts of Ethics:</h2><div style="text-align: justify;"><b></b></div><ol style="text-align: justify;"><li><span style="font-size: large;"><b>Responsibility</b></span></li>
<li><span style="font-size: large;"><b>Accountability</b></span></li>
<li><span style="font-size: large;"><b>Liability</b></span></li>
<li><span style="font-size: large;"><b>Due Process</b></span></li>
</ol><div style="text-align: justify;"><u style="color: #073763;"><b>Responsibility: </b></u>Responsibility is a key element of ethical action. Responsibility means that you accept the potential costs, duties, and obligations for the decisions you make.</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><u><br />
</u></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="color: #0c343d;"><u>Accountability:</u> </span></b>Accountability is a feature of systems and social institutions. It means that mechanism are in place to determine who took responsible action, who is responsible. System and institutions in which it is impossible to find out who took what action are inherently incapable of ethical analysis or ethical action.</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><u><b><span style="color: #073763;">Liability:</span></b></u> Liability extends the concept of responsibility further to re area of laws. Liability is the feature of political systems in which a body of laes is in place that permits individuals to recover the damages done to them by other actors, systems. or organizations.</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><u><b style="color: #073763;">Due Process:</b> </u>Due Process is a related feature of law-governed societies and is a process in which laws are known and understood and there is an ability to appeal to higher authorities to ensure that the laws are applied correctly. </div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br />
</div>J.H.http://www.blogger.com/profile/04967611191502692239noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3743562636832694166.post-44827299269893714792011-07-08T07:40:00.000-07:002011-07-08T07:42:09.622-07:00Dalton's Atomic Theory<m:smallfrac m:val="off"> <m:dispdef> <m:lmargin m:val="0"> <m:rmargin m:val="0"> <m:defjc m:val="centerGroup"> <m:wrapindent m:val="1440"> <m:intlim m:val="subSup"> <m:narylim m:val="undOvr"> </m:narylim></m:intlim> </m:wrapindent> </m:defjc></m:rmargin></m:lmargin></m:dispdef></m:smallfrac><br />
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="color: #073763; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;"><u><span style="font-size: large;"><b>Dalton's Atomic Theory</b></span></u></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span class="apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="color: black;">In 1800, Dalton</span></span><span class="apple-converted-space" style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="color: black;"> </span></span><span class="apple-converted-space" style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span lang="BN-BD" style="color: black;">postulate some theory for atom called Dalton’s atomic theory. They are given bellow: </span></span><span lang="BN-BD" style="color: black; font-family: Vrinda;"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; line-height: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="color: black;">1) All matter is made of atoms. Atoms are indivisible and indestructible.</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; line-height: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="color: black;">2) All atoms of a given element are identical in mass and properties</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; line-height: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="color: black;">3) Compounds are formed by a combination of two or more different kinds of atoms.</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; line-height: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="color: black;">4) A chemical reaction is a <i>rearrangement</i> of atoms. </span></span><br />
</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="http://www.scienceclarified.com/images/uesc_02_img0063.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="199" src="http://www.scienceclarified.com/images/uesc_02_img0063.jpg" width="320" /></a></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div>J.H.http://www.blogger.com/profile/04967611191502692239noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3743562636832694166.post-26964595711497935062011-07-07T09:42:00.000-07:002011-07-07T09:43:07.891-07:00Difference between Orbit and an Orbital:<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="http://t0.gstatic.com/images?q=tbn:ANd9GcQhK4Msc-rmyURP36Ohc3eqtemckrW6mRNZP0ml1ss99ESciGPOE5xGBOK9" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="http://t0.gstatic.com/images?q=tbn:ANd9GcQhK4Msc-rmyURP36Ohc3eqtemckrW6mRNZP0ml1ss99ESciGPOE5xGBOK9" /></a></div><m:smallfrac m:val="off"> <m:dispdef> <m:lmargin m:val="0"> <m:rmargin m:val="0"> <m:defjc m:val="centerGroup"> <m:wrapindent m:val="1440"> <m:intlim m:val="subSup"> <m:narylim m:val="undOvr"> </m:narylim></m:intlim> </m:wrapindent> </m:defjc></m:rmargin></m:lmargin></m:dispdef></m:smallfrac><br />
<div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"><br />
</span></div><table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoTableGrid" style="border-collapse: collapse; border: medium none;"><tbody>
<tr> <td style="border: 1pt solid black; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 239.4pt;" valign="top" width="319"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: 22pt;">Orbit</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: black black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: solid solid solid none; border-width: 1pt 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 239.4pt;" valign="top" width="319"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: 22pt;">Orbital</span></div></td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 239.4pt;" valign="top" width="319"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-size: 14pt;">As postulated by Bohr, an orbit is a definite circular path at a definite distance from the nucleus in which the electron revolve round the nucleus. Orbits are designated by the capital letters K, L, M, N…. etc. </span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 239.4pt;" valign="top" width="319"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-size: 14pt;">As postulate by wave nature of an electron, an orbital is a three-dimensional region around the nucleus within which the probability of finding an electron is maximum., Orbital’s are designated by s, p, d… etc. </span></div></td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 239.4pt;" valign="top" width="319"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-size: 14pt;">Orbits are circular in shape.</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 239.4pt;" valign="top" width="319"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-size: 14pt;">Orbital’s have different shapes. </span></div></td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 239.4pt;" valign="top" width="319"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-size: 14pt;">It represents the planer motion of the electron.</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 239.4pt;" valign="top" width="319"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-size: 14pt;">It represents the three-dimensional motion of the electro round the nucleus.</span></div></td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 239.4pt;" valign="top" width="319"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-size: 14pt;">An orbit indicates an exact position of an electron in an atom.</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 239.4pt;" valign="top" width="319"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-size: 14pt;">An orbital does not specify the exact position of an electron in an atom.</span></div></td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 239.4pt;" valign="top" width="319"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-size: 14pt;">The maximum number of electro in an orbit is equal to 2n^2, where n is the number of the orbit.</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 239.4pt;" valign="top" width="319"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-size: 14pt;">An orbital cannot accommodate more than two electrons. </span></div></td> </tr>
</tbody></table><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"> </span> <m:smallfrac m:val="off"> <m:dispdef> <m:lmargin m:val="0"> <m:rmargin m:val="0"> <m:defjc m:val="centerGroup"> <m:wrapindent m:val="1440"> <m:intlim m:val="subSup"> <m:narylim m:val="undOvr"> </m:narylim></m:intlim> </m:wrapindent> </m:defjc></m:rmargin></m:lmargin></m:dispdef></m:smallfrac></div><table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoTableGrid" style="border-collapse: collapse; border: medium none;"><tbody>
<tr style="height: 22pt;"> <td style="border: 1pt solid black; height: 22pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 239.4pt;" valign="top" width="319"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="http://www.astronomyknowhow.com/pics-res/transitions.gif" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="185" src="http://www.astronomyknowhow.com/pics-res/transitions.gif" width="200" /></a></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><br />
</div></td> <td style="border-color: black black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: solid solid solid none; border-width: 1pt 1pt 1pt medium; height: 22pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 239.4pt;" valign="top" width="319"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="http://www.mikeblaber.org/oldwine/chm1045/notes/Struct/Orbitals/d_orbital.gif" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="153" src="http://www.mikeblaber.org/oldwine/chm1045/notes/Struct/Orbitals/d_orbital.gif" width="200" /></a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><br />
</div></td> </tr>
</tbody></table>J.H.http://www.blogger.com/profile/04967611191502692239noreply@blogger.com19tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3743562636832694166.post-22916660509508615562011-07-06T08:41:00.000-07:002011-07-06T08:41:08.732-07:00Emission Spectrum<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <w:WordDocument> <w:View>Normal</w:View> <w:Zoom>0</w:Zoom> <w:TrackMoves/> <w:TrackFormatting/> <w:PunctuationKerning/> <w:ValidateAgainstSchemas/> <w:SaveIfXMLInvalid>false</w:SaveIfXMLInvalid> <w:IgnoreMixedContent>false</w:IgnoreMixedContent> <w:AlwaysShowPlaceholderText>false</w:AlwaysShowPlaceholderText> <w:DoNotPromoteQF/> <w:LidThemeOther>EN-US</w:LidThemeOther> <w:LidThemeAsian>X-NONE</w:LidThemeAsian> <w:LidThemeComplexScript>X-NONE</w:LidThemeComplexScript> <w:Compatibility> <w:BreakWrappedTables/> <w:SnapToGridInCell/> <w:WrapTextWithPunct/> <w:UseAsianBreakRules/> <w:DontGrowAutofit/> <w:SplitPgBreakAndParaMark/> <w:DontVertAlignCellWithSp/> <w:DontBreakConstrainedForcedTables/> <w:DontVertAlignInTxbx/> <w:Word11KerningPairs/> <w:CachedColBalance/> <w:UseFELayout/> </w:Compatibility> <m:mathPr> <m:mathFont m:val="Cambria Math"/> <m:brkBin m:val="before"/> <m:brkBinSub m:val="--> <m:smallfrac m:val="off"> <m:dispdef> <m:lmargin m:val="0"> <m:rmargin m:val="0"> <m:defjc m:val="centerGroup"> <m:wrapindent m:val="1440"> <m:intlim m:val="subSup"> <m:narylim m:val="undOvr"> </m:narylim></m:intlim> </m:wrapindent><!--[endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <w:LatentStyles DefLockedState="false" DefUnhideWhenUsed="true"
DefSemiHidden="true" DefQFormat="false" DefPriority="99"
LatentStyleCount="267"> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="0" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Normal"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="heading 1"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 2"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 3"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 4"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 5"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 6"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 7"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 8"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 9"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 1"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 2"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 3"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 4"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 5"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 6"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 7"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 8"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 9"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="35" QFormat="true" Name="caption"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="10" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Title"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="1" Name="Default Paragraph Font"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="11" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Subtitle"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="22" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Strong"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="20" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Emphasis"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="59" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Table Grid"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Placeholder Text"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="1" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="No Spacing"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading Accent 1"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List Accent 1"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid Accent 1"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 1"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 1"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 1"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Revision"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="34" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="List Paragraph"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="29" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Quote"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="30" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Intense Quote"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 1"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 1"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 1"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 1"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List Accent 1"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 1"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List Accent 1"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 1"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading Accent 2"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List Accent 2"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid Accent 2"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 2"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 2"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 2"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 2"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 2"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 2"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 2"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List Accent 2"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 2"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List Accent 2"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 2"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading Accent 3"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List Accent 3"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid Accent 3"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 3"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 3"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 3"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 3"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 3"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 3"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 3"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List Accent 3"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 3"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List Accent 3"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 3"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading Accent 4"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List Accent 4"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid Accent 4"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 4"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 4"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 4"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 4"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 4"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 4"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 4"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List Accent 4"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 4"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List Accent 4"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 4"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading Accent 5"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List Accent 5"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid Accent 5"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 5"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 5"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 5"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 5"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 5"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 5"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 5"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List Accent 5"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 5"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List Accent 5"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 5"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading Accent 6"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List Accent 6"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid Accent 6"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 6"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 6"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 6"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 6"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 6"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 6"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 6"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List Accent 6"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 6"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List Accent 6"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 6"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="19" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Subtle Emphasis"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="21" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Intense Emphasis"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="31" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Subtle Reference"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="32" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Intense Reference"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="33" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Book Title"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="37" Name="Bibliography"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" QFormat="true" Name="TOC Heading"/> </w:LatentStyles> </xml><![endif]--><!--[if gte mso 10]> <style>
/* Style Definitions */
table.MsoNormalTable
{mso-style-name:"Table Normal";
mso-tstyle-rowband-size:0;
mso-tstyle-colband-size:0;
mso-style-noshow:yes;
mso-style-priority:99;
mso-style-qformat:yes;
mso-style-parent:"";
mso-padding-alt:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;
mso-para-margin-top:0in;
mso-para-margin-right:0in;
mso-para-margin-bottom:10.0pt;
mso-para-margin-left:0in;
line-height:115%;
mso-pagination:widow-orphan;
font-size:11.0pt;
mso-bidi-font-size:14.0pt;
font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";
mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;
mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;
mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;
mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;
mso-bidi-language:BN-BD;}
</style> <![endif]--> </m:defjc></m:rmargin></m:lmargin></m:dispdef></m:smallfrac><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: #cfe2f3; color: #0c343d;"><b><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; line-height: 115%;">Emission Spectrum: </span></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="line-height: 115%;">According to plank’s theory of radiation, energy is radiated or absorbed by a body discontinuously in a definite fundamental unit or in an integral multiple of the fundamental unit. This unit of energy was called by plank quantum. </span></span></div><div style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: small;">The emission spectrum of a chemical element or chemical compound is the spectrum of frequencies of electromagnetic radiation emitted by the element's atoms or the compound's molecules when they are returned to a lower energy state.</span></div><div> </div><div style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: small;">Each element's emission spectrum is unique. Therefore, spectroscopy can be used to identify the elements in matter of unknown composition. Similarly, the emission spectra of molecules can be used in chemical analysis of substances. Look at the given Image, it is </span><span style="font-size: small;">emission spectrum of Hydrogen:</span></div><div style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Emission_spectrum-H.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="52" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Emission_spectrum-H.png" width="400" /></a></div><div style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><br />
</div>J.H.http://www.blogger.com/profile/04967611191502692239noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3743562636832694166.post-6976351380828194312011-07-06T08:35:00.000-07:002011-07-06T08:36:09.368-07:00Nuclide, Isotopes, Isobars & Isotones<m:smallfrac m:val="off"> <m:dispdef> <m:lmargin m:val="0"> <m:rmargin m:val="0"> <m:defjc m:val="centerGroup"> <m:wrapindent m:val="1440"> <m:intlim m:val="subSup"> <m:narylim m:val="undOvr"> </m:narylim></m:intlim> </m:wrapindent> </m:defjc></m:rmargin></m:lmargin></m:dispdef></m:smallfrac><br />
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif";"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: #9fc5e8; color: #073763;"><span style="font-size: large;"><b><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif";">Nuclide: </span></b></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif";">A Nuclide is a particular nucleus characterized by a defined atomic number and mass number. </span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 22pt; line-height: 115%;"></span><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%; position: relative; top: 9pt;"><br />
</span><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 22pt; line-height: 115%;"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: small;"><span class="apple-style-span"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; line-height: 115%;">There are particular types of Nuclides. </span></span><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; line-height: 115%;">They are:</span></span></span><i><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif";"></span></i></div><ol><li><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif";">Isotopes</span></span></li>
<li><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif";">Isobars</span></span></li>
<li><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif";">Isotones</span></span></li>
</ol><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><br />
</span><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 24pt; line-height: 115%;"></span></div><br />
<div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: #9fc5e8;"><b><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif";">Isotopes:</span></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif";"><span style="background-color: #9fc5e8;"> </span>The atoms having same atomic number but different atomic mass number are called Isotope. </span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 22pt; line-height: 115%;"><br />
</span><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%; position: relative; top: 9pt;"></span><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 22pt; line-height: 115%;"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: #cfe2f3; color: #073763;"><span style="font-size: large;"><b><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif";">Isobar: </span></b></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif";">Nuclides having the same mass number but having the different Proton/Atomic number are called Isobar. </span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 22pt; line-height: 115%;"><br />
</span><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%; position: relative; top: 9pt;"></span><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 22pt; line-height: 115%;"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif";"> </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: #9fc5e8; color: #073763;"><b><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif";">Isotones:</span></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif";"> Atoms of different elements having different mass number and different atomic number but same neutron number are called Isotones. </span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 22pt; line-height: 115%;"><br />
</span><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%; position: relative; top: 9pt;"></span><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 22pt; line-height: 115%;"></span></div>J.H.http://www.blogger.com/profile/04967611191502692239noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3743562636832694166.post-27817204948253205382010-11-27T13:37:00.000-08:002010-11-27T13:37:29.000-08:00Brewster’s Law of Polarization of Light<div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Brewster’s Law: In 1811 Brewster’s </span><span class="apple-style-span"><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">proposed it</span></span><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">. </span><span class="apple-style-span"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">When</span></span><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"> </span></span><span class="apple-style-span"><i><span style="color: black; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Un-polarized</span></i></span><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"> </span></span><span class="apple-style-span"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">light is incident at the angle called </span></span><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Brewster’s angle or angle of polarization</span><span class="apple-style-span"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">, the light that is reflected from the surface is therefore perfectly polarized</span></span><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">. <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">He was able to prove that the tangent of the angle of polarization is numerically equal to the refractive index of the medium. <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">That is....</span></div><a name='more'></a><o:p></o:p><br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/_pHAhIHm2ccA/TPF50kO1XMI/AAAAAAAAABk/3AFRHWQYFww/s1600/Brewster%25E2%2580%2599s+polarization-by-reflection-3.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/_pHAhIHm2ccA/TPF50kO1XMI/AAAAAAAAABk/3AFRHWQYFww/s1600/Brewster%25E2%2580%2599s+polarization-by-reflection-3.jpg" /></a></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>where </span><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">is </span><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">refractive index of the medium and </span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: medium;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: 15px; line-height: 17px;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">is the </span><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">polarization angle.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape id="Picture_x0020_1" o:spid="_x0000_s1026"
type="#_x0000_t75" style='position:absolute;margin-left:87pt;margin-top:51.75pt;
width:303.75pt;height:222.75pt;z-index:-1;visibility:visible;mso-wrap-style:square;
mso-wrap-distance-left:9pt;mso-wrap-distance-top:0;mso-wrap-distance-right:9pt;
mso-wrap-distance-bottom:0;mso-position-horizontal:absolute;
mso-position-horizontal-relative:text;mso-position-vertical:absolute;
mso-position-vertical-relative:text'> <v:imagedata src="file:///C:\DOCUME~1\JAK\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image007.jpg"
o:title="polarization-by-reflection"/> </v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><span style="height: 297px; margin-left: 116px; margin-top: 69px; mso-ignore: vglayout; position: absolute; width: 405px; z-index: -1;"></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">suppose, un-polarized light is incident at an angle equal to the polarizing angle on the glass surface(Denser medium). It is reflected along PB and refracted along PC.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><br />
</span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/_pHAhIHm2ccA/TPF5c1pgk3I/AAAAAAAAABc/YgddP9kWmxE/s1600/Brewster%25E2%2580%2599s+polarization-by-reflection.jpeg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/_pHAhIHm2ccA/TPF5c1pgk3I/AAAAAAAAABc/YgddP9kWmxE/s1600/Brewster%25E2%2580%2599s+polarization-by-reflection.jpeg" /></a></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><br />
</span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/_pHAhIHm2ccA/TPF5hARI22I/AAAAAAAAABg/SwODPfU8-hM/s1600/Brewster%25E2%2580%2599s+polarization-by-reflection-2.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/_pHAhIHm2ccA/TPF5hARI22I/AAAAAAAAABg/SwODPfU8-hM/s1600/Brewster%25E2%2580%2599s+polarization-by-reflection-2.jpg" /></a></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><br />
</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><br />
</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><br />
</span></div>J.H.http://www.blogger.com/profile/04967611191502692239noreply@blogger.com15tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3743562636832694166.post-53594172971147076772010-11-27T12:58:00.001-08:002010-11-27T12:58:55.748-08:00Polarization of Light and Related Topics<div class="MsoNormal"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-large;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: 20px; line-height: 23px;"><br />
</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 15.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Polarization: <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span class="apple-style-span"><b><span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Polarization</span></b></span><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%;"> </span></span><span class="apple-style-span"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%;">is a property of waves</span></span><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%;"> </span></span><span class="apple-style-span"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%;">that describes the orientation of their</span></span><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%;"> </span></span><span class="apple-style-span"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%;">oscillations. If a wave oriented to a single direction is called polarization. <o:p></o:p></span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 15.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">We can get Polarized Light form Un Polarized light by under way<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 15.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 15.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Repletion<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 15.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 15.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Refraction<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 15.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 15.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Scattering (</span><span lang="BN-BD" style="font-family: Vrinda; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-font-size: 15.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Vrinda; mso-bidi-language: BN-BD; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">বিচ্ছুরন</span><span style="font-size: 15.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-language: BN-BD;">)</span><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: Vrinda; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-font-size: 15.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Vrinda; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 15.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 15.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-language: BN-BD;">Selective Absorption</span><span style="font-size: 15.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 15.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">5.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 15.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-language: BN-BD;">Double Polarization</span></div><a name='more'></a><span style="font-size: 15.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 15.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-language: BN-BD;">Partial polarization: <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span class="apple-style-span"><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%;">If not every photon is polarized (see your other question for what that means) the same way (everyone moving in lockstep), then that is partial polarization.</span></span><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><br />
<br />
<span class="apple-style-span">For example, 75% of them might be going up/down, and 25% going left right. That's not un polarized (50/50), but it isn't completely 100% polarized either--it's partial.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>J.H.http://www.blogger.com/profile/04967611191502692239noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3743562636832694166.post-14872871419402701702010-11-27T12:36:00.001-08:002010-11-27T12:38:36.613-08:00DNA Profiling and use of DNA ProfilingDNA profiling is a technique to identify of individuals on the basis of their respective DNA profiles. DNA profiles are encrypted sets of numbers that reflect a person's DNA makeup, which can also be used as the person's identifier. DNA profiling should not be confused with full genome sequencing.It is used in, for example, parental testing, crime investigation and rape investigation.DNA profiling is being increasingly used to identify criminal suspects as well as in many other fields throughout the world.Apart from criminal investigations, DNA profiling is used in paternity test, immigration disputes, establishing family link, inheritance dispute and identifying unknown victims from accidents and disasters.DNA technology has also been used in a number or murder cases as well as in paternity tests.J.H.http://www.blogger.com/profile/04967611191502692239noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3743562636832694166.post-31890536459283818222010-11-27T08:27:00.001-08:002010-11-27T12:34:07.790-08:00Abbreviation of some computer related topics<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .25in;"></div><div><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-large;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: 24px; line-height: 27px;"><br />
</span></span></div><ol><li><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: 20px; line-height: 23px;">RAM-Random Access Memory</span></li>
<li><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: 20px; line-height: 23px;">SRAM-Static Random Access Memory</span></li>
<li><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: 20px; line-height: 23px;">DRA-Dynamic Random Access Memory</span></li>
<li><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: 20px; line-height: 23px;">ROM-Read Only Memory</span></li>
<li><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: 20px; line-height: 23px;">PROM-Programmable Read Only Memory</span></li>
<li><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: 20px; line-height: 23px;">EPROM-Erasable Programmable Read Only Memory</span></li>
<li><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: 20px; line-height: 23px;">EEPROM-Electrically Erasable Programmable Read Only Memory</span></li>
<li><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: 20px; line-height: 23px;">CPU-Control Processing Unit</span></li>
<li><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: 20px; line-height: 23px;">ALU-Arithmetic and Logic Unit</span></li>
<li><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: 20px; line-height: 23px;">CU-Control Unit<a name='more'></a></span></li>
<li><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: 20px; line-height: 23px;">BIOS-Basic Input Output system</span></li>
<li><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: 20px; line-height: 23px;">MPEG-Motion Picture Experts Group</span></li>
<li><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: 20px; line-height: 23px;">JPEG-Joint Photographic Experts Group</span></li>
<li><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: 20px; line-height: 23px;">AVI-Audio Video Interleave</span></li>
<li><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: 20px; line-height: 23px;">BMP-Bitmap</span></li>
<li><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: 20px; line-height: 23px;">DLL- Dynamic Link Library</span></li>
<li><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: 20px; line-height: 23px;">CGI- Computer Generated Image, CISCO- Common Gateway Interface</span></li>
<li><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: 20px; line-height: 23px;">CAD- Computer Aided Design</span></li>
<li><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: 20px; line-height: 23px;">MAR- Memory Address Resister, CISCO- Mobile Access Router</span></li>
<li><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: 20px; line-height: 23px;">MDR-Memory Data Register</span></li>
<li><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: 20px; line-height: 23px;">FF-Flip Flop</span></li>
<li><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: 20px; line-height: 23px;">RFIFO-First in First Out</span></li>
<li><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: 20px; line-height: 23px;">LIFO-Last in First Out</span></li>
<li><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: 20px; line-height: 23px;">FORTRAN- Formula Translator</span></li>
<li><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: 20px; line-height: 23px;">COBLE- Common Business Oriented Language</span></li>
<li><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: 20px; line-height: 23px;">BCD-Binary Coded Decimal</span></li>
<li><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: 20px; line-height: 23px;">IBM- International Business Machine</span></li>
<li><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: 20px; line-height: 23px;">W3C-World Wide Web Consortium</span></li>
<li><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: 20px; line-height: 23px;">WWW-World Wide Web</span></li>
<li><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: 20px; line-height: 23px;">VSAL- Very Small Alerter Terminal</span></li>
<li><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: 20px; line-height: 23px;">VHS-Video Home System</span></li>
<li><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: 20px; line-height: 23px;">VGA-Video Graphics Adapter</span></li>
<li><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: 20px; line-height: 23px;">AGP-Advanced Graphics Port</span></li>
<li><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: 20px; line-height: 23px;">UMTS-Universal Mobile Telecommunication System </span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: 20px; line-height: 23px;"> </span></li>
<li><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: 20px; line-height: 23px;">TTF-True Type Font</span></li>
<li><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: 20px; line-height: 23px;">GSM-Global System for Mobile</span></li>
<li><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: 20px; line-height: 23px;">CDMA-Code Division Multiple Access</span></li>
<li><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: 20px; line-height: 23px;">WCDMA- Wideband Code Division Multiple Access</span></li>
<li><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: 20px; line-height: 23px;">TDMA-Time Division Multiple Access</span></li>
<li><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: 20px; line-height: 23px;">FDMA-Frequency Division Multiple Access</span></li>
<li><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: 20px; line-height: 23px;">UHF-Ultra High Frequency</span></li>
<li><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: 20px; line-height: 23px;">VHF-Very High Frequency</span></li>
<li><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: 20px; line-height: 23px;">SNR-Signal to Noise Ratio</span></li>
<li><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: 20px; line-height: 23px;">RGB-Red Green Blue</span></li>
<li><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: 20px; line-height: 23px;">RMS-Root Mean Square</span></li>
<li><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: 20px; line-height: 23px;">SCSI- Small Computer System Interface</span></li>
<li><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: 20px; line-height: 23px;">PIN-Peritoneal Identification Number</span></li>
<li><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: 20px; line-height: 23px;">PDF-Portable Document Format</span></li>
<li><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: 20px; line-height: 23px;">GEO-Geostationary Earth Orbit</span></li>
<li><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: 20px; line-height: 23px;">MEO-Medium Earth Orbit</span></li>
<li><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: 20px; line-height: 23px;">LEO-Lower Earth Orbit</span></li>
<li><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: 20px; line-height: 23px;">LED-Light Emitting Diode</span></li>
<li><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: 20px; line-height: 23px;">LCD- Liquid Crystal Display</span></li>
<li><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: 20px; line-height: 23px;">CRT-Cathode Ray Tube</span></li>
<li><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: 20px; line-height: 23px;">LASER-Light Amplification by Stimulated Emission of Radiation </span></li>
</ol><div><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-large;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: 20px; line-height: 23px;">Thankx from ?JAK!</span></span></div>J.H.http://www.blogger.com/profile/04967611191502692239noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3743562636832694166.post-49763852044948839052010-11-24T07:58:00.000-08:002010-11-24T11:01:03.860-08:00Basic Stricture of a Computer system<div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">Basic Stricture of a Computer system: <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="tab-stops: 63.75pt;"><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"> <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="tab-stops: 63.75pt;"><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"></span><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_pHAhIHm2ccA/TO01ypM1W1I/AAAAAAAAABQ/l8AXtwyN54A/s1600/computer.gif" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="198" src="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_pHAhIHm2ccA/TO01ypM1W1I/AAAAAAAAABQ/l8AXtwyN54A/s320/computer.gif" width="320" /></a></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="tab-stops: 63.75pt;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="tab-stops: 63.75pt;"><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">Input Unit: Input Unit takes data by Input device. </span><span class="apple-style-span"><span style="color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">An</span></span><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"> </span></span><span class="apple-style-span"><span style="color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">input device</span></span><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"> </span></span><span class="apple-style-span"><span style="color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">is any</span></span><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"> </span></span><span class="apple-style-span"><span style="color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">computer hardware</span></span><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"> </span></span><span class="apple-style-span"><span style="color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">equipment used to provide data and control signals to an information processing system</span></span><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">. Here </span></span><span class="apple-style-span"><span style="color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">information processing system is CPU. </span></span><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">Input Unit </span><span class="apple-style-span"><span style="color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">converts any input Data into Binary format. <o:p></o:p></span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="tab-stops: 63.75pt;"><span class="apple-style-span"><span style="color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">Memory Unit: Memory unit has two Divisions. <o:p></o:p></span></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="mso-list: l1 level1 lfo2; tab-stops: 63.75pt; text-indent: -.25in;"><span class="apple-style-span"><span style="color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">1.<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span></span><span class="apple-style-span"><span style="color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">Primary Memory<o:p></o:p></span></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="mso-list: l1 level1 lfo2; tab-stops: 63.75pt; text-indent: -.25in;"><span class="apple-style-span"><span style="color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">2.<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span></span><span class="apple-style-span"><span style="color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">Secondary Memory</span></span></div><a name='more'></a><o:p></o:p><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="tab-stops: 63.75pt;"><span class="apple-style-span"><span style="color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">Primary Memory: Primary Memory is the main memory of a computer. Primary storage</span></span><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">/ </span></span><span class="apple-style-span"><span style="color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">main memory</span></span><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">/ </span></span><span class="apple-style-span"><span style="color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">internal memory is the only one directly accessible to the CPU</span>. <span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: large;">It is also called Volatile Memory. RAM (Random Access Memory) is the primary memory.</span><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="tab-stops: 63.75pt;"><span class="apple-style-span"><span style="color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">RAM: Random Access Memory or shortly RAM has two kinds:<o:p></o:p></span></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="mso-list: l3 level1 lfo3; tab-stops: 63.75pt; text-indent: -.25in;"><span class="apple-style-span"><span style="color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">1.<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span></span><span class="apple-style-span"><span style="color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">SRAM-Static RAM<o:p></o:p></span></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="mso-list: l3 level1 lfo3; tab-stops: 63.75pt; text-indent: -.25in;"><span class="apple-style-span"><span style="color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">2.<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span></span><span class="apple-style-span"><span style="color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">DRAM-Dynamic RAM<o:p></o:p></span></span><br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/_pHAhIHm2ccA/TO1gyg1T75I/AAAAAAAAABY/EThORT66sYE/s1600/Basic+Stricture+of+a+Computer+system.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="198" src="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/_pHAhIHm2ccA/TO1gyg1T75I/AAAAAAAAABY/EThORT66sYE/s320/Basic+Stricture+of+a+Computer+system.JPG" width="320" /></a></div><span class="apple-style-span"><span style="color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"><br />
</span></span><br />
<span class="apple-style-span"><span style="color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"><br />
</span></span><br />
<span class="apple-style-span"><span style="color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"><br />
</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="tab-stops: 63.75pt;"><span class="apple-style-span"><span style="color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">Secondary Memory: Secondary Memory is the additional memory of a computer. It is also called Non-Volatile Memory. ROM (Read Only Memory) is the secondary Memory.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="tab-stops: 63.75pt;"><span class="apple-style-span"><span style="color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">ROM: Read Only Memory or shortly ROM has three kinds:<o:p></o:p></span></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo4; tab-stops: 63.75pt; text-indent: -.25in;"><span class="apple-style-span"><span style="color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">1.<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span></span><span class="apple-style-span"><span style="color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">PROM-Programmable ROM(Like Non writeable CD/DVD)<o:p></o:p></span></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo4; tab-stops: 63.75pt; text-indent: -.25in;"><span class="apple-style-span"><span style="color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">2.<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span></span><span class="apple-style-span"><span style="color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">EPROM-Erasable Programmable ROM<o:p></o:p></span></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo4; tab-stops: 63.75pt; text-indent: -.25in;"><span class="apple-style-span"><span style="color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">3.<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span></span><span class="apple-style-span"><span style="color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">EEPROM-Electrically Erasable Programmable ROM (Like Hard disk, writeable CD/DVD pen Drive etc.)<o:p></o:p></span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="tab-stops: 63.75pt;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="tab-stops: 63.75pt;"><span class="apple-style-span"><span style="color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">CPU: CPU stands for Central Processing Unit. CPU has two divisions.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="mso-list: l2 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: 63.75pt; text-indent: -.25in;"><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">1.<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">ALU<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="mso-list: l2 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: 63.75pt; text-indent: -.25in;"><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">2.<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">CU<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="tab-stops: 63.75pt;"><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">ALU: ALU stand for Arithmetic and Logic Unit. Here computer do arithmetic Calculation. <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="tab-stops: 63.75pt;"><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">CU: CU stand for Control Unit. Full computer systems controlled by CU unit.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="tab-stops: 63.75pt;"><br />
</div>J.H.http://www.blogger.com/profile/04967611191502692239noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3743562636832694166.post-27162076924767723262010-11-21T12:27:00.000-08:002010-11-21T12:29:26.601-08:00Quantum Mechanics and Light<div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: x-large;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: 19px; line-height: 21px;"><br />
</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span class="apple-style-span"><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">Light: Light</span></span><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"> </span></span><span class="apple-style-span"><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">is</span></span><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"> </span></span><span class="apple-style-span"><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">electromagnetic radiation</span></span><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"> </span></span><span class="apple-style-span"><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">of a</span></span><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"> </span></span><span class="apple-style-span"><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">wavelength</span></span><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"> </span></span><span class="apple-style-span"><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">that is</span></span><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"> </span></span><span class="apple-style-span"><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">visible</span></span><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"> </span></span><span class="apple-style-span"><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">to the</span></span><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"> </span></span><span class="apple-style-span"><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">human eye</span></span><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"> </span></span><span class="apple-style-span"><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">(in a range from about 380 or 400</span></span><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">nanometers</span><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"> </span></span><span class="apple-style-span"><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">to about 760 or 780 nm). In</span></span><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"> </span></span><span class="apple-style-span"><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">physics, the term</span></span><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"> </span></span><span class="apple-style-span"><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">light sometimes refers to electromagnetic radiation of any wavelength, whether visible<span style="color: black;"> or not.<o:p></o:p></span></span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">To describe light there are 4 theories:<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;"><br />
<ol><li><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">1.<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">Corpuscular theory of light</span></li>
<li><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">2.<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">Wave theory</span></li>
<li><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">3.<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">Electromagnetic theory</span></li>
<li><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">4.<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">Quantum theory of light</span></li>
</ol></div><h1 style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; mso-line-height-alt: 12.0pt; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;"><o:p> <a name='more'></a></o:p></span></h1><div class="MsoNormal"><span class="apple-style-span"><span style="color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">Corpuscular theory of light: In 1675 Isaac Newton explained that light was composed of corpuscles </span></span><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"> </span></span><span class="apple-style-span"><span style="color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">(particles of matter) which were emitted in all directions from a source. <o:p></o:p></span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span class="apple-style-span"><span style="color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">It can explain </span></span><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">Reflection, Refraction, Photoelectric effect of light. But can not explain Interference, Diffraction, Polarization effect of light. </span><span class="apple-style-span"><span style="color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><h1 style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; mso-line-height-alt: 12.0pt; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span></h1><div class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">Wave theory of light:</span></b><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"> </span></span><span class="apple-style-span"><span style="color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">Christian Huygens</span></span><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"> </span></span><span class="apple-style-span"><span style="color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">worked out wave theory of light in 1678, and published it in his</span></span><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"> </span></span><span class="apple-style-span"><i><span style="color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">Treatise on light</span></i></span><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"> </span></span><span class="apple-style-span"><span style="color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">in 1690. He proposed that light was emitted in all directions as a series of waves in a medium called the luminiferous<i> ether</i>. As waves are not affected by gravity, it was assumed that they slowed down upon entering a denser medium.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">It can explain Reflection</span><span lang="BN-BD" style="font-family: Vrinda; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"> (প্রতিফলন)</span><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">, Refraction</span><span lang="BN-BD" style="font-family: Vrinda; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"> (প্রতিসরন)</span><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">, Interference</span><span lang="BN-BD" style="font-family: Vrinda; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"> </span><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">(</span><span lang="BN-BD" style="font-family: Vrinda; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">ব্যতিচার)</span><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">, Diffraction</span><span lang="BN-BD" style="font-family: Vrinda; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"> (অপর্বতন)</span><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"> and Polarization (</span><span class="apple-style-span"><span lang="BN" style="color: black; font-family: Vrinda; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">সমবর্তন</span></span><span class="apple-style-span"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">)</span></span><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">. But can not explain the </span><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">Photoelectric effect of light.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">Electromagnetic theory</span></b><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">:<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><h1 style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; mso-line-height-alt: 12.0pt; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span></h1><h1 style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; mso-line-height-alt: 12.0pt; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span></h1><h1 style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; mso-line-height-alt: 12.0pt; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span></h1><h1 style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; mso-line-height-alt: 12.0pt; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;">Quantum theory of light</span><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 14pt;">:</span><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 14pt; font-weight: normal;"> </span><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 14pt; font-weight: normal;"> </span></span><span class="apple-style-span"><span style="color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 14pt; font-weight: normal;">In 1900,</span></span><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 14pt; font-weight: normal;"> </span></span><span class="apple-style-span"><span style="color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 14pt; font-weight: normal;">Max Planck</span></span><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 14pt; font-weight: normal;"> </span><span class="apple-style-span"><span style="color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 14pt; font-weight: normal;">explained </span></span><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 14pt; font-weight: normal;">Quantum theory of light after plank’s </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 14pt; font-weight: normal;">Albert Einstein expend it</span><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 14pt; font-weight: normal;">.</span><span class="apple-style-span"><span style="color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 14pt; font-weight: normal;"> Planck's theory was based on the idea that black bodies emit light only as discrete bundles or packets of</span></span><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 14pt; font-weight: normal;"> </span></span><span class="apple-style-span"><span style="color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 14pt; font-weight: normal;">energy. These packets were called</span></span><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 14pt; font-weight: normal;"> </span></span><span class="apple-style-span"><span style="color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 14pt; font-weight: normal;">quanta, and the particle of light was given the name</span></span><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 14pt; font-weight: normal;"> </span></span><span class="apple-style-span"><span style="color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 14pt; font-weight: normal;">photon. </span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 14pt; font-weight: normal;">A photon has an energy, <i>E</i>, proportional to its frequency, <i>f</i>, by<o:p></o:p></span></h1><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 18.0pt; margin-bottom: 1.2pt; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: x-large;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: 19px;"></span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 18.0pt; margin-bottom: 1.2pt; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: x-large;"><span style="color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 14pt;"><span style="color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 14pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%; position: relative; top: 10pt;"></span> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%; position: relative; top: 10pt;"></span><span style="color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 14pt;"><o:p></o:p></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: small;"><span style="color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 14pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%; position: relative; top: 10pt;"></span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: small;"><span style="color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 14pt;"> </span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 15px; line-height: 17px;"></span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 18.0pt; margin-bottom: 1.2pt; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in;"><span style="color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 14pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 18.0pt; margin-bottom: 1.2pt; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in;"><span style="color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 14pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 18.0pt; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 24.0pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 4.8pt;"><span style="color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 14pt;">Where <i>h</i> is </span><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 14pt;">Planck's constant and that is</span><span style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%; position: relative; top: 6pt;"></span><span style="color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 14pt;">, </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 14pt;">λ</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 14pt;"> is the wavelength and <i>c</i> is the </span><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 14pt;">speed of light.<span style="color: black;"> <o:p></o:p></span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 14.25pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 7.5pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in;"><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 14pt;">Summary: </span><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="color: #333333; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 14pt;">Quantum</span></span><span class="apple-style-span"><span style="color: #333333; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 14pt;"> theory of light says that light exists as tiny packets, or particles, which are called photons.</span></span><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="color: #333333; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 14pt;"> </span></span><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 14pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 14.25pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: -10.5pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 14.25pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: -10.5pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 14.25pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: -10.5pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 14.25pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: -10.5pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in;"><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 14pt;">It can explain Photoelectric effect of light. </span><span class="apple-style-span"><span style="color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 14pt;">But this theory did not explain </span></span><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 14pt;">Interference, Diffraction etc. of light. <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 14.25pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: -10.5pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div>J.H.http://www.blogger.com/profile/04967611191502692239noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3743562636832694166.post-57896158956362559192010-11-20T03:54:00.000-08:002010-11-20T06:20:39.481-08:00Galaxy: Where it’s goes and where it’s from?<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 18pt; line-height: 115%;">Galaxy: Where it’s goes and where it’s from?<o:p></o:p></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: .5in;"><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">What is galaxy? Yes, <span class="apple-style-span"><span style="color: black;">a galaxy is a system of stars, dust, and gas held together by gravity. Galaxy is the small portion of our universe. Many stars make a galaxy. </span></span></span><span class="apple-style-span"><span style="color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">Typically a galaxy contain ten million</span></span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galaxy#cite_note-eso000503-2"></a><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"> </span></span><span class="apple-style-span"><span style="color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">(10<sup>7</sup>)</span></span><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"> to </span></span><span class="apple-style-span"><span style="color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">hundred</span></span><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"> </span></span><span class="apple-style-span"><span style="color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">trillion</span></span><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"> </span></span><span class="apple-style-span"><span style="color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">(10<sup>14</sup>) stars. It depends on galaxies size.</span></span><span class="apple-style-span"><span style="color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"> Small galaxies have fewer than a billion stars called </span></span><span class="apple-style-span"><span style="color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">Dwarf galaxy</span></span><span class="apple-style-span"><span style="color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">. Large galaxies have more than a trillion called </span></span><span class="apple-style-span"><span style="color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">Giant galaxy</span></span><span class="apple-style-span"><span style="color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">.</span></span><span class="apple-style-span"><span style="color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"> </span></span><span class="apple-style-span"><span style="color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">Scientists estimate that there are more than 100 billion galaxies scattered throughout the visible universe.</span></span><span class="apple-style-span"><span style="color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"> </span></span><span class="apple-style-span"><span style="color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">Our solar system is also in a galaxy called the Milky Way.</span></span><br />
<a name='more'></a><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: .5in;"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/_pHAhIHm2ccA/TOfYjE0CMOI/AAAAAAAAABE/O4j3q3F64_Q/s1600/milkyway1.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="240" src="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/_pHAhIHm2ccA/TOfYjE0CMOI/AAAAAAAAABE/O4j3q3F64_Q/s320/milkyway1.jpg" width="320" /></a></div><span class="apple-style-span"><span style="color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"><br />
</span></span><br />
<div style="text-align: center;"><span class="apple-style-span"><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #0c343d;"><b><i>Picture of our </i></b></span></span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 19px; line-height: 21px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #0c343d;"><b><i>Milky Way</i></b></span></span></div><span class="apple-style-span"><span style="color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">The Milky Way has a diameter of about 100,000 light-years. (A light-year is the distance that light travels in a vacuum in a year about 5.88 trillion miles or 9.46 trillion kilometers). The solar system lies about 25,000 light-years from the center of the Milky Way galaxy. There are about 100 billion stars in the Milky Way. <o:p></o:p></span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: .5in;"><span class="apple-style-span"><span style="color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">Many galaxies found groups called clusters. A cluster may contain from a few dozen to several thousand galaxies. It may have a diameter as large as 10 million light-years. Many clusters found a group called super clusters.<o:p></o:p></span></span><br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/_pHAhIHm2ccA/TOfY_4r7IPI/AAAAAAAAABI/2FVp5C4qLx0/s1600/galaxy-cluster.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="256" src="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/_pHAhIHm2ccA/TOfY_4r7IPI/AAAAAAAAABI/2FVp5C4qLx0/s320/galaxy-cluster.jpg" width="320" /></a></div><span class="apple-style-span"><span style="color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"><br />
</span></span><br />
<span class="apple-style-span"><span style="color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"><br />
</span></span><br />
<div style="text-align: center;"><span class="apple-style-span"><span style="color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"><b><i>Cluster</i></b></span></span></div></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-indent: .5in;"><span style="color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 14pt;">Scientist classifies most galaxies by shape as either spiral galaxies or elliptical galaxies. The Milky Way is a spiral galaxy. All spiral galaxies rotate but slowly. The Milky Way makes a complete revolution once every 250 million years. <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-indent: .5in;"><span class="apple-style-span"><span style="color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 14pt;">Galaxy emits much energy. The energy emitted by galaxies comes from various sources. Much of it is due to the heat of the stars and of clouds of dust and gas called nebulae. All galaxies emit energy as waves of visible light and, infrared rays, X rays other kinds of electromagnetic radiation.</span></span><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 14pt;"> <o:p></o:p></span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-indent: .5in;"><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 14pt;">Where galaxy is from? <span class="apple-style-span"><span style="color: black;">Scientists have proposed two main kinds of theories of the origin of galaxies: (1) bottom-up theories and (2) top-down theories. Bottom-up theories state that much smaller objects such as globular clusters formed first. These objects then merged to form galaxies. And according to top-down theories, large objects such as galaxies and clusters of galaxies formed first. The smaller groups of stars then formed within them. The starting point for both kinds of theories is the big bang, the explosion with which the universe began 10 billion to 20 billion years ago. Big bang theories of galaxy formation agree that no new galaxies or very few have formed since the earliest times. Then other is formed. </span></span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 14pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: .5in;"><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">Where galaxy is goes? After birth of a child he grows up gradually. At a time he increase and then slowly die.</span><span lang="BN-BD" style="font-family: Vrinda; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"> </span><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">Like human life galaxy also born and grow up, rules her region and then die. And again a new galaxy generate. <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: .5in;"><span class="apple-style-span"><span style="color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">Scientists do not understand or discover clearly many things about our universe. There are many things of galaxy yet mysteries. </span></span><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"> <o:p></o:p></span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: .5in;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: x-large;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: 19px; line-height: 21px;"><br />
</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: .5in;"><span style="color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"></span><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: .5in;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: x-large;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: 19px; line-height: 21px;"><br />
</span></span></div>J.H.http://www.blogger.com/profile/04967611191502692239noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3743562636832694166.post-36966821520227422442010-09-16T20:23:00.000-07:002010-09-16T20:28:41.465-07:00Big Bang<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;">The Big Bang was an event which led to the formation of the universe, according to the prevailing cosmological theory of the universe's early development (known as the Big Bang theory or Big Bang model). According to the Big Bang model, the universe, originally in an extremely hot and dense state that expanded rapidly, has since cooled by expanding to the present diluted state, and continues to expand today. Based on the best available measurements as of 2010, the original state of the universe existed around 13.7 billion years ago, which is often referred to as the time when the Big Bang occurred. The theory is the most comprehensive and accurate explanation supported by scientific evidence and observations. </span><div><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Big_Bang">Wikipedia Article About Big bang </a></span></div><div><br /></div><div><a href="http://http//www.youtube.com/watch?v=hSZqhqR5XKM">Video </a>-1</div><div><br /></div><div><a href="http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6LyzCEFATY0">Vwdio-2</a></div><div><br /></div><div>Stay Connected with this Blog</div>J.H.http://www.blogger.com/profile/04967611191502692239noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3743562636832694166.post-73751571562370621922010-04-03T18:38:00.000-07:002010-05-18T11:09:40.546-07:00About Our UniverseDo you know what is Universe? How vast it? How it create?The Universe is very large and possibly infinite in volume; the observable matter is spread over a space at least 93 billion light years across.J.H.http://www.blogger.com/profile/04967611191502692239noreply@blogger.com0